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Grammar / Level 4 / Lesson 100

는 터라, (으)니만큼, 기에 망정이지: formal reasons

By Daniel Buckley · 15 minute read · TOPIK 5

Vocabulary

  1. 까닭 - a reason
  2. 항공편 - a flight
  3. 폭설 - heavy snow
  4. 사고 - an accident
  5. 부주의 - carelessness
  6. 행사 - an event
  7. 사연 - the story behind something
  8. 다행히 - fortunately
  9. 하마터면 - very nearly
  10. 안전벨트 - a seat belt

The airport board goes blank and a news ticker says 폭설로 말미암아 항공편이 모두 취소되었다. All flights cancelled because of heavy snow. Nobody at the gate is saying 말미암아 to anybody.

You have plenty of reasons already: 아/어서, (으)니까 and 기 때문에. Most of what's here is the same idea at a higher register, for reading. The exception comes at the end, and it's one you'll want in your own speech.

는 까닭에: for the reason that

까닭 is a plain noun meaning a reason, so this is the same construction as 기 때문에, built with a modifier. It's written Korean: reports, essays, narration. Spoken, it would sound like you were reading aloud.

Making 는 까닭에

  • Verbs, present: 는 까닭에.살다 → 사는 까닭에
  • Verbs, past: ㄴ/은 까닭에.오다 → 온 까닭에
  • Adjectives: ㄴ/은 까닭에.부족하다 → 부족한 까닭에
  • Nouns: 인 까닭에.외동딸 → 외동딸인 까닭에

Pick a verb

오다오온 까닭에

  1. 비가 많이 온 까닭에 경기가 취소되었다.

    The match was cancelled because of the heavy rain.

  2. 어린 시절을 시골에서 보낸 까닭에 지금도 도시가 낯설다.

    Having spent my childhood in the country, I still find cities strange.

  3. 경험이 부족한 까닭에 실수가 많았다.

    There were many mistakes, owing to a lack of experience.

  4. 그는 말수가 적은 까닭에 오해를 자주 받는다.

    Because he says so little, people often misunderstand him.

(으)로 말미암아: stemming from

말미암다 means to stem from something. This goes on a noun, and it's a stiffer cousin of (으)로 인해. You'll read it in news, reports and textbooks, usually about something unwelcome. Before a noun, it becomes 말미암은.

  1. 폭설로 말미암아 항공편이 모두 취소되었다.

    All flights were cancelled because of the heavy snow.

  2. 전쟁으로 말미암아 수많은 사람이 집을 잃었다.

    Countless people lost their homes as a result of the war.

  3. 그 일로 말미암아 두 사람은 사이가 멀어졌다.

    The two of them drifted apart because of that incident.

  4. 부주의로 말미암은 사고가 늘고 있다.

    Accidents caused by carelessness are on the rise.

는 터라: being in that situation

터 here is a small noun meaning a situation, one you're already in. So ㄴ/은 터라 says "being in the state of having done this", and the next clause is what came of it. It's mostly past. You'll read it in novels and essays, and hear it in careful, polite speech.

Making 는 터라

  • Verbs, past: ㄴ/은 터라. This is the usual one.새우다 → 새운 터라먹다 → 먹은 터라
  • Verbs, present: 는 터라.하다 → 하는 터라
  • Adjectives: ㄴ/은 터라.바쁘다 → 바쁜 터라
  • Nouns: 인 터라.초보 → 초보인 터라

Pick a verb

새우다새우새운 터라

  1. 밤을 새운 터라 하루 종일 졸렸다.

    Having been up all night, I was sleepy all day.

  2. 아침을 못 먹은 터라 배가 몹시 고팠다.

    I'd had no breakfast, so I was very hungry.

  3. 오랜만에 만난 터라 할 이야기가 많았다.

    It had been a long time, so we had a lot to talk about.

  4. 요즘 바쁜 터라 연락을 못 드렸습니다.

    I've been busy lately, so I'm afraid I haven't been in touch.

  5. 아직 초보인 터라 실수가 많습니다.

    I'm still a beginner, so I make a lot of mistakes.

※ You've met 터 before, inside ㄹ/을 텐데, though there it points ahead. Small nouns like this one get a lesson of their own later.

(으)니만큼: since, and as befits that

(으)니만큼 gives a reason and measures what follows against it: since this is so, the response should match. The second clause is often a should or a must. You'll see it in speeches, notices and formal writing.

Making (으)니만큼

  • Adjectives: 니만큼 after a vowel, 으니만큼 after a consonant.크다 → 크니만큼많다 → 많으니만큼
  • Verbs, present: usually 느니만큼.가다 → 가느니만큼
  • Past: 았/었으니만큼.만났으니만큼
  • Nouns: 이니만큼.시험 → 시험이니만큼

Pick a verb

크다크크니만큼

  1. 중요한 시험이니만큼 미리 준비해야 한다.

    Since it's an important exam, you need to prepare ahead.

  2. 큰 행사이니만큼 실수가 없어야 합니다.

    As this is a big event, there must be no mistakes.

  3. 날씨가 추우니만큼 옷을 따뜻하게 입으세요.

    With the weather so cold, please dress warmly.

  4. 오랜만에 만났으니만큼 오늘은 제가 사겠습니다.

    Since it's been so long, today's on me.

  5. 처음 가느니만큼 미리 길을 알아보는 게 좋겠어요.

    As it's your first time going, you'd better look up the way first.

※ 는 만큼 can do the same job, and you'll probably see 인 만큼 more often than 이니만큼: 중요한 시험인 만큼.

인즉: as for the story

인즉 is a particle with an old-fashioned ring. It goes on a noun like 말, 이유, 사연 or 사정, and it says "as for that, here's what it comes to". After a vowel it's ㄴ즉, as in 얘긴즉.

The stem ending (으)ㄴ즉, as in 들은즉, is old too, and it gives a basis: having heard, so.

인즉슨 is the emphatic version, and dictionaries mark it as old-fashioned as well. If you do hear either in speech, I'd take it as a little wry.

  1. 이유인즉 아주 간단했다.

    As for the reason, it was very simple.

  2. 사연인즉 이러했다.

    The story went like this.

  3. 말인즉 옳다.

    What he says is right, as far as the words go.

  4. 말인즉슨 돈이 없다는 거예요.

    What it comes down to is they've got no money.

기에 망정이지: thank goodness

Here's the one to use yourself. 망정 means something like a saving grace, and 기에 망정이지 says the only thing that saved you was this. It's everyday spoken Korean, unlike the rest of this lesson.

The second half says what would have happened, often with 안 그랬으면 and ㄹ/을 뻔했다. 기에 isn't the only link: (으)니까 망정이지, (으)니 망정이지 and 아/어서 망정이지 all work, and they're the ones I'd reach for in conversation.

Making 기에 망정이지

  • Past is the norm: 았/었기에 망정이지.가져왔기에 망정이지
  • Other links work too.말해 줬으니까 망정이지들어서 망정이지
  • The second clause says what nearly happened.…망정이지 다 젖을 뻔했어요

Pick a verb

오다왔어요왔기에 망정이지

  1. 우산을 가져왔기에 망정이지 다 젖을 뻔했어요.

    Good thing I brought an umbrella, or I'd have got soaked.

  2. 일찍 나왔기에 망정이지 안 그랬으면 기차를 놓쳤을 거예요.

    Thank goodness we left early, or we'd have missed the train.

  3. 네가 말해 줬으니까 망정이지 나는 끝까지 몰랐을 거야.

    Lucky you told me, or I'd never have known.

  4. 다행히 사람이 없었기에 망정이지 큰 사고가 날 뻔했다.

    Luckily nobody was there, or it could have been a serious accident.

  5. 안전벨트를 해서 망정이지 크게 다칠 뻔했어요.

    It's just as well I had my seat belt on, or I'd have been badly hurt.

  1. 우산을 ___ 다 젖을 뻔했어.

    Good thing I brought an umbrella, or I'd have got soaked. (To a friend.)

  2. 중요한 ___ 미리 준비해야 한다.

    Since it's an important exam, you need to prepare ahead.

Listen and type

1 / 3

Play it as often as you like.

In a conversation

A

어제는 왜 연락이 없었어요?

Yesterday why was there no contact?

B

죄송합니다. 일이 많아서 정신이 없던 터라 연락을 못 드렸습니다.

Sorry. Work being much, I was distracted, being in that state couldn't contact you.

A

오늘은 중요한 회의이니만큼 준비를 잘해 주세요.

Today, being an important meeting, please prepare well.

B

네. 어제 자료를 만들어 뒀기에 망정이지 큰일 날 뻔했어요.

Yes. Yesterday materials made and kept, saving grace, big trouble nearly happened.

Common mistakes

  1. 비가 많이 왔는 까닭에 경기가 취소되었다.

    비가 많이 온 까닭에 경기가 취소되었다.

    Before a noun, the past of a verb is ㄴ/은, with no 았/었.

  2. 요즘 바쁘는 터라 연락을 못 드렸습니다.

    요즘 바쁜 터라 연락을 못 드렸습니다.

    Adjectives take ㄴ/은. 는 is for verbs.

  3. 안전벨트를 했기에 망정이지 크게 다쳤어요.

    안전벨트를 했기에 망정이지 크게 다칠 뻔했어요.

    The second clause says what didn't happen. 다쳤어요 says you were hurt, and then there was nothing to be glad about.

Check yourself

Quick check

1 / 6

비가 많이 ___ 경기가 취소되었다. (오다, past, use 까닭에) The match was cancelled because of the heavy rain.

The past modifier, then a space.

Summary

ㄴ/은 까닭에 forms
DictionaryStemㄴ/은 까닭에
오다오온 까닭에
먹다먹먹은 까닭에
듣다듣들은 까닭에
살다살산 까닭에
ㄴ/은 터라 forms
DictionaryStemㄴ/은 터라
오다오온 터라
먹다먹먹은 터라
듣다듣들은 터라
살다살산 터라
(으)니만큼 forms
DictionaryStem(으)니만큼
크다크크니만큼
많다많많으니만큼
춥다춥추우니만큼
바쁘다바쁘바쁘니만큼
았/었기에 망정이지 forms
Dictionary해요 past았/었기에 망정이지
오다왔어요왔기에 망정이지
먹다먹었어요먹었기에 망정이지
듣다들었어요들었기에 망정이지
살다살았어요살았기에 망정이지

Now you can say

  1. 우산을 가져왔기에 망정이지 다 젖을 뻔했어요.

    Good thing I brought an umbrella, or I'd have got soaked.

  2. 요즘 바쁜 터라 연락을 못 드렸습니다.

    I've been busy lately, so I'm afraid I haven't been in touch.

  3. 큰 행사이니만큼 실수가 없어야 합니다.

    As this is a big event, there must be no mistakes.

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